漢德百科全書 | 汉德百科全书
Historical coins, banknotes
History
Financial
Coins
Penning
1/16 stuiver
denier
1/12 stuiver
oortje/oortie
2 duiten, 1/4 stuiver
duit
1/8 stuiver
groot
1/2 stuiver
stuiver, stuyver, stiver
1/20 guilder
Brabantse stuiver
24 pennings
stooter
5 groots
real
1/8 piece-of-eight, 6 stuivers, 1 schelling
schelling
6 stuivers or 12 groots or 1 real
pond Hollands
15 stuivers
guilder or florin
20 stuivers or 40 groots
Carolus guilder
11/2 guilders
daelder
11/2 guilders
rijksdaelder, rixdollar
21/2 guilders
piece-of-eight
2.4 guilders or 48 stuivers or 8 reals or 8 schellings
ducaton
3 guilders plus 3 stuivers
pond Vlaamsch, pond groot,
“Flemish pound”6 guilders or 20 schellings; 1 York pound
Weight
|
Amsterdam ons |
1.085 ounces avoirdupois |
|
Amsterdam pond |
1 pound, 1.36 ounces avoirdupois |
|
last |
4000 pounds |
Linear Measures
Rhinelandse duim
1.03 inches or 0.026 meters
Amsterdamse duim
1.013 inches
Rhinelandse voet
12 duimen, 12.36 inches, or 0.3139 meters
Amsterdamse voet
11 duimen or 11.143 inches
ell
27 inches
vadem, “fathom”
6 feet
Rhinelandse roede
12 voeten, 12.36 feet, or 3.7674 meters
Amsterdamse roede
13 voeten, 12.071 feet, or 3.6807 meters
uurgaans, zeemijl
1/20 degree; 3 nautical miles; 18,261 feet; 1,500 Rhineland rods; 5555 meters
Van Laer quotes one source which gives the Holland mile as 5.556 kilometers and the uurgaans as 5.651 kilometers. He also mentions an old Dutch mile of 5358 meters.
geographische mijl
1/15 degree; 4 nautical miles; 4,611 Statute miles; 24,348 feet
Van Laer cites from various sources figures in meters of 7420, 7407.41, and “about 7407.”
Square Measures
Rhinelandse morgen
600 square roeden; 2.103 acres
Amsterdamse morgen
600 square roeden; 2.069 acres
schepel
The land that can be sown with a schepel or rye.
mudde
In the western part of Drenthe the word mudde is used as a square measure of land, equaling 212 and 1/4 square roeden; elsewhere, 160 square roeden.
Liquid Measures
|
kan |
quart |
|
pot |
quart |
|
mengel, mingel |
1.266 quarts oil or wine; 1.304 quarts brandy; 1.28 quarts beer; 1.915 quarts milk |
|
stoop |
2 mengelen or 2.532 quarts wine; 1 and 13/19mengelen or 2.15 quarts beer |
|
viertel |
6 mengelen or 1.956 gallons brandy |
|
steekkan |
16 mengelen or 5.064 gallons oil or wine; 15 mengelen or 4.89 gallons brandy; 16 mengelen or 5.12 gallons beer |
|
anker |
32 mengelen or 10.128 gallons wine; 32 kan brandy |
|
aam/aem |
120 mengelen or 37.98 gallons oil; 4 ankers, 128 mengelen, or 40.512 gallons wine |
|
okshoofd, “hogshead” |
6 ankers, 192 mengelen, or 60.768 gallons wine |
|
varken, “firkin” |
ca. 1/4 vat |
|
pijp, “pipe” |
1/2 vat or 2 okshoofden |
|
vat, “barrel” |
717 mengelen or 226.93 gallons oil; 4 okshoofden, 728 mengelen, or 243.072 gallons wine; 16 mengelen or 7.66 gallons milk. |
|
smalton |
31.096 gallons wine |
|
ton, “tun” or “barrel” |
41.54 gallons beer |
|
kwarteel |
12 smaltonnen or 62.192 gallons wine |
Dry Measures
mutsje
1/4 liter
schepel
0.764 bushel wheat; 1.29 bushels salt
zak
3 schepels or 2.292 bushels wheat
mudde, mud
4 schepels or 3.056 bushels wheat
vat
4 schepels or 5.16 bushels salt
last
36 zakken, 27 mudden, or 82.512 bushels wheat; 108 schepels
last of salt
28 heaped up wheelbarrows’ full
ship’s last
3.72 cubic yards, 100.17 cubic feet, or 21/2 tons burden
smalton
1/12 last or 6.876 bushels wheat
honderd
704.32 bushels salt
hoed, hoet
33.25 bushels coal
spint
1/4 schepel
vim, vinne
104 to 108 sheaves
Review
皇朝十二钱包括以下12种： 和同开珎 708年（和铜元年） 万年通宝 760年（天平宝字四年） 神功开宝 765年（天平神护元年） 隆平永宝 796年（延暦十五年） 富寿神宝 818年（弘仁九年） 承和昌宝 835年（承和二年） 长年大宝 848年（嘉祥元年） 饶益神宝 859年（贞观元年） 贞観永宝 870年（贞观十二年） 寛平大宝 890年（宽平二年） 延喜通宝 907年（延喜七年） 乹元大宝 958年（天德二年）
据报道，这是印度国王发行的第一枚金币；由贵霜国王色迦王在公元127年发行。 这也是为数不多的以希腊语发行的硬币之一，因为后来的硬币改用巴克特里亚语，这是一种伊朗语言，在中亚的巴克特里亚地区（今乌兹别克斯坦、阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦）使用。
Angeblich die erste Goldmünze, die jemals von einem indischen König ausgegeben wurde; sie wurde 127 n. Chr. vom Kuschankönig Kanishka 1 ausgegeben. Dies war auch eine der wenigen Münzen, die in griechischer Sprache ausgegeben wurde, da die späteren Münzen in die baktrische Sprache wechselten, eine iranische Sprache, die in der zentralasiatischen Region Baktrien (dem heutigen Usbekistan, Afghanistan und Tadschikistan) gesprochen wurde.
