Dominio de Pingus is a Spanish winery located in Quintanilla de Onésimo in Valladolid province with vineyards in La Horra area of the Ribera del Duero region. The estate's flagship wine, Pingus, is considered a "cult wine", sold at extremely high prices while remaining very inaccessible,[1][2] and commands an average price of $811 per bottle.[3]

The winery also produces a second wine, Flor de Pingus, and a special cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia". Recently, Dominio de Pingus has founded a joint project with local grape producers to make an old vine tempranillo called "PSI".

Dominio de Pingus was established in 1995 by Danish oenologist Peter Sisseck, also manager of the Pesquera de Duero estate Hacienda Monasterio.[4] On the estate's winemaking philosophies, Sisseck has stated, "The vines in my plots are very old. They have never been fertilised nor treated with pesticides and all grow following the traditional en vaso system. They are perfect."[4]

About the first 1995 vintage of Pingus, Robert Parker declared, "One of the greatest and most exciting wines I have ever tasted".[5] With a very limited first vintage production, only 325 cases were made with prices initially set at US$200 per bottle, it became yet more scarce when in November 1997 the ship transporting a U.S. bound shipment of 75 cases disappeared somewhere off the Azores in the North Atlantic Ocean.[6] The shipwreck resulted in a dramatic reaction in the US market, with prices soon rising to $495 per bottle.[5][6]

At the Ronda WineCreator conference of April 2008, Sisseck was angered by suggestions by Decanter editor Guy Woodward that some winemakers make wines to suit the palates of certain critics. In response he called Woodward's remarks arrogant for implying winemakers do not have their own opinions, adding, "I don't even think it is possible to do this."[7]

In 2007 it was announced that the Spanish government had approved plans to expand highway roads through the vineyards of Dominio de Pingus and other wineries, which was met with strong opposition by Sisseck who called it a "vengeful measure".[8]

Planted with very old vines of Tinto Fino, i.e. Tempranillo, the vineyards are 2.5 hectares (6.2 acres) in Barrosso with vines exceeding 65 years and 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres) in San Cristobal with vines older than 70 years, and the unusually low average yield of 12 hL per hectare. Since 2000, the viticulture has been biodynamic. Of the annual production of Pingus there is typically less than 500 cases, though in poor vintages no Pingus is made.

The production of the second wine Flor de Pingus, also 100% Tempranillo, is made with fruit from rented vineyards in the La Horra zone, with vines older than 35 years. Since the 2005 vintage, the viticulture has been biodynamic. The annual production is on average 4,000 cases.

Additionally there has been the single barrel cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia", made from a vineyard parcel of 100+ year old vines with an average yield of 10 hL per hectare, with biodynamic viticulture since its initial 2003 vintage. The 2005 vintage had a production of 25 cases.

"PSI" is a joint project based on fruit produced by local grape growers from old tempranillo vines. The goal is to help grape producers and save old vines. Project was founded in 2006, first vintage was 2007. Grape growers are encouraged to employ biodynamic or organic vineyard management practices. The wine is made by Peter Sisseck and Pablo Rubio and sold under producer name Bodegas y Viñedos Alnardo. Vinification takes place in large concrete vats and aging in concrete and wooden tanks and oak barrels. Production of PSI 2009 was 9,600 cases, PSI 2010 was 16,600 cases.

Torino (AFI: /toˈrino/[5], ascolta[?·info]; Turin in piemontese [tyˈriŋ], ascolta[?·info] [6]) è un comune italiano di 852 223 abitanti (al 30 settembre 2021)[2], quarto comune italiano per popolazione e capoluogo dell'omonima città metropolitana e della regione Piemonte. Cuore di un'area metropolitana, Torino è il terzo complesso economico-produttivo del Paese e costituisce uno dei maggiori poli universitari, artistici, turistici, scientifici e culturali d'Italia. Nel suo territorio sono inoltre presenti aree ed edifici inclusi in due beni protetti dall'UNESCO: alcuni palazzi e zone facenti parte del circuito di residenze sabaude in Piemonte (patrimonio dell'umanità[7]) e l'area delle colline del Po (riserva della biosfera).

Città dalla storia bimillenaria, fu fondata probabilmente nei pressi della posizione attuale, attorno al III secolo a.C., dai Taurini, quindi trasformata in colonia romana da Augusto col nome di Iulia Augusta Taurinorum nel I secolo a.C.. Dopo il dominio ostrogoto, fu capitale di un importante ducato longobardo, per poi passare, dopo essere divenuta capitale di marca carolingia, sotto la signoria nominale dei Savoia nell'XI secolo. Città dell'omonimo ducato, nel 1563 ne divenne capitale. Dal 1720 fu capitale del Regno di Sardegna (anche se solo de facto fino alla fusione perfetta del 1847, quando lo divenne anche formalmente),[8] Stato che nel XIX secolo avrebbe portato all'unificazione italiana e che fece di Torino la prima capitale del Regno d'Italia (dal 1861 al 1865).

Sede nel 2006 dei XX Giochi olimpici invernali, nel 2022 della 66ª edizione dell'Eurovision Song Contest[9], città natale di alcuni fra i maggiori simboli del Made in Italy nel mondo, come il Vermut, il cioccolato gianduja e il caffè espresso, è il fulcro dell'industria automobilistica italiana, nonché importante centro dell'editoria, del sistema bancario e assicurativo, delle tecnologie dell'informazione, del cinema, dell'enogastronomia, del settore aerospaziale, del disegno industriale, dello sport e della moda.

起源

苏州评话源于宋代说话伎艺。清代剧作家李玉的《清忠谱》第2折《书闹》中，描述了明末清初苏州说书中演说《岳传》的情景，有表，有白，有类似赋赞的韵文，和苏州评话相同。明末清初的著名评话艺人柳敬亭，曾在苏州及其附近一带说书，与苏州评话有密切的渊源关系。清代中叶，苏州评话进入鼎盛时期，成立了苏州评弹最早的行会组织光裕社。在咸丰、同治年间，出现了说《水浒》的姚士章等评话名家。

“弹词”一词，始见于明嘉靖二十六年（1547年）田汝成《西湖游览志余》，其中记载杭州八月观潮：“其时优人百戏，击球、关扑、渔鼓、弹词，声音鼎沸。”陈汝衡《弹词溯源和它的艺术形式》（1983年）一文认为是“远出陶真，近源词话”。关于“陶真”，《西湖游览志余》记：“杭州男女瞽者，多学琵琶唱古今小说、平话，以觅衣食，谓之陶真。”叶德均《宋元明讲唱文学》（1952年）考证：“陶真和弹词同是用七言诗赞的讲唱文学，两者只有名称差异。”他认为，“就历史的发展说，元明的陶真是弹词的前身，而明清的弹词又是陶真的绵延，两者发展的历史是分不开的”。

兴盛

清代初年，随着苏州城市经济的繁荣，弹词在苏州已经盛行。康熙末年定居于苏州的浙江吴兴人董说在他的《西游补》小说中，就描写了盲女弹词使用苏州方言演出的情况。至乾隆年间，关于苏州弹词形成的记载日益增多。知名的代表人物有外号“紫癞痢”的王周士。王周士擅唱《游龙传》，吸收昆曲、吴歌的声腔，滩簧的表演，以单档起“十门角色”而闻名。当时的史学家赵翼在《瓯北诗钞·赠说书紫癞痢》中对其说书的“噱”、“说”、“弹”、“唱”因素都作了评价：“恃滑稽一尺口”，“但闻喷饭轰满堂”；“妙拨丝擅说书”，“自演俚词弹脱手”；“优孟能会故相生”，“绝技俳优侍至尊”。乾隆四十一年（1776年），王周士于苏州宫巷第一天门创立包括评话艺人在内的行会组织光裕公所，以示评弹艺术“光前裕后”之意。他从正反两方面总结自己说书艺术经验的《书品》和《书忌》，被后来的弹词艺人奉为说书的信条。

嘉庆时（1796--1820年），苏州弹词迅速发展，此时刻印传世的书目有《三笑》《倭袍》《义妖传》《双金锭》等；知名的弹词艺人增多，弹词发展史上的“前四名家”（具体说法不一）即于此时出现。他们发展了王周士的书艺，丰富了上演书目，创造了流派唱腔，拓宽了技巧思路，奠定了后来的苏州弹的基本形式。

道光、咸丰时期（1821-1861年），苏州出现的女子弹词以常熟人为多数，弹唱的开篇、书目、曲调和当时流传的大体相同，但多数不会说唱整部，只会说“书中的一段”。苏州弹词艺人马如飞在开篇《阴盛阳衰》中有较为具体的反映：“苏州花样年年换，书场都用女先生”。王|《瀛孺杂志》记当时弹词女子弹唱“其声如百转春莺，醉心荡魄，曲终人远，犹觉余音绕梁”，因而“每一登场，满座倾倒”。

民国时期，苏州弹词的从艺人员激增。据民国16年（1927年）统计，当时光裕社拥有社员200人，而未入光裕社的艺人有近2000人，艺术竞争十分激烈。表现为书目上求新、唱腔上创新、表演上革新、演出场所上标新。这一时期流派纷呈，弹词的演出形式，也起了很大变化。随着女子弹词的重新兴起，双档已成为主要的演出形式。至抗日战争爆发前后，又出现了三个档、四个档的演出。此时供苏州评弹演出的场所很多，装潢华丽、场子宽大的称“新式书场”，在游艺场占一席之地的称"游艺书场"，每场演出两档弹词、一档评话的称“花色书场”，由商业电台播放评弹的称“空中书场”。

复兴

中华人民共和国成立后，1956年参加登记的苏州弹词艺人有600人，其中苏州市区480人。登记后，这些艺人分别参加了各地评弹演出团体，根据“百花齐放、推陈出新”方针，对书目、唱腔等作艺术改革。

艺术流派

苏州评弹大致可分三大流派 ，即陈（遇乾）调、马（如飞）调、俞（秀山）调。经百余年的发展，又不断出现继承这三位名家风格，且又有创造发展自成一家的新流派。如"陈调"的继承人刘天韵、杨振雄；"俞调"的继承者夏荷生、朱慧珍，他们均自成一家。其中“马调”对后世影响最大，多有继承并自成一派者，如薛（筱卿）调、沈（俭安）调、“琴调”（朱雪琴在“薛调”基础上的发展）。周（玉泉）调是在“马调”基础上的发展，而蒋（月泉）调又出自“周调”，如此发展繁衍形成了苏州评弹流派唱腔千姿百态的兴旺景象。

演唱形式

苏州评弹有说有唱，大体可分三种演出方式。即一人的单档，内容多为金戈铁马的历史演义和叱咤风云的侠义豪杰；两人的双档，两人说唱，上手持三弦下手抱琵琶，自弹自唱，内容多为儿女情长的传奇小说和民间故事；三人的三个档。演员均自弹自唱，伴奏乐器为小三弦和琵琶。

苏州弹词的表演通常以说为主，说中夹唱。说时也有采用醒木作为道具击节拢神的情形。演唱采用的音乐曲调为板腔体的说书调，即所谓“书调”。因流传中形成了诸多的音乐流派，故“书调”又被称之为“基本调”。

苏州弹词讲究“说噱弹唱”。“说”指叙说；“噱”指“放噱”即逗人发笑；“弹”指使用三弦或琵琶进行伴奏，既可自弹自唱，又可相互伴奏和烘托；“唱”指演唱。其中“说”的手段非常丰富，有叙述，有代言，也有说明与议论。艺人在长期的说唱表演中形成了诸如官白、私白、咕白、表白、衬白、托白等等功能各不相同的说表手法与技巧，既可表现人物的思想活动、内心独白和相互间的对话，又可以说书人的口吻进行叙述、解释和评议。艺人还借鉴昆曲和京剧等的科白手法，运用嗓音变化和形体动作及面部表情等来“说法中现身”，表情达意并塑造人物。在审美追求上， ”。

曲调特点

弹词一般评话和弹词均以说唱细腻见长，吴侬软语娓娓动听；演出中常穿插一些笑料，妙趣横生。弹词用吴音演唱，抑扬顿挫，轻清柔缓，弦琶琮铮，十分悦耳。

传承意义

苏州弹词的书目十分丰富，有目可稽的传统长篇有65部，新编历史题材172部，还有一些现代题材的新长篇。中华人民共和国建立以后，记录了大量的演出本，并作录音、录像，整理出版了周玉泉的《玉蜻蜓》和《中篇弹词选》。有关历史艺术资料的搜集、整理和研究工作也次第展开，出版了《苏州弹词旧闻钞》《评弹艺人谈艺录》。然20世纪末期以来，苏州弹词听众锐减，书场萎缩，艺人大量流失，生存发展面临危机，亟待抢救和扶持。