Core 'ngrato ist ein klassisches neapolitanisches Lied, dessen Text 1911 von dem kalabrischen Emigranten Riccardo Cordiferro, Pseudonym von Alessandro Sisca, geboren in San Pietro in Guarano (CS) (wo sein Vater, Francesco Sisca, im Rathaus angestellt war), geschrieben wurde, der nach Neapel, der Heimatstadt seiner Mutter Emilia Cristarelli, zog, um sein Studium zu beenden, und später nach New York auswanderte. Die Musik des Liedes stammt hingegen von Salvatore Cardillo.

Anfangs ahnte keiner der beiden, dass das Lied ein großer Erfolg werden würde, Cardillo hielt es sogar für eine "porcheriola". Als es in Neapel ankam, hatte "Core 'ngrato" stattdessen einen großen Einfluss auf das Publikum und wurde das erste erfolgreiche neapolitanische Lied, das aus den Vereinigten Staaten kam.

Rigoletto - Preludio Rigoletto - "La donna è mobile" (02:22) Rigoletto - "Cortigiani, vil razza dannata" (04:45) Nabucco - Overture (09:22) Nabucco - "Va Pensiero" (19:25) Nabucco - "Gli arredi festivi" (24:07) La Traviata - Preludio Act 1 (30:03) La Traviata - Preludio Act 4 (33:49) La Traviata - "Di provenza il mar, il suol" (37:29) La Traviata - "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" (41:50) Aida - Overture (45:00) Aida - "Marcia Trionfale" (49:41) Aida - Entrata Atto 2 (50:44) Un Ballo In Maschera - "Morrò, ma prima in grazia" (55:00) La Traviata - "Un dì felice, eterea" (59:51) La Forza del Destino - Overture (1:02:32) La Forza del destino - "Son Pereda son ricco d'onore" (1:09:59) I Lombardi - Overture (1:12:39) Macbeth - Overture (1:17:15) Macbeth - Balletto Act 3 (1:20:34) Macbeth - Valzer Act 3 (1:23:05) Macbeth - "Che faceste, dite su" (1:26:21) Il Trovatore - "Vedi! Le fosche notturne spoglie" (1:29:53) Il Trovatore - "Il balen del suo sorriso" (1:32:49) Il Trovatore - "Stride la vampa" (1:38:35) Don Carlo - "O don fatale" (1:41:05) I Vespri Siciliani - Overture (1:45:39) Requiem - "Dies Irae" (1:56:14)

France was one of the most energetic and creative nations in Western history. The ever-evolving French clothing tradition has remained an inspiration for fashionistas, says Abarrna Devi R.

Fashion is an integral part of the society and culture in France and acts as one of the core brand images for the country. Haute couture and pret-a-porter have French origins. France has produced many renowned designers and French designs have been dominating the fashion world since the 15th century. The French fashion industry has cultivated its reputation in style and innovation and remained an important cultural export for over four centuries. Designers like Gabrielle Bonheur 'Coco' Chanel, Christian Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Thierry Herms and Louis Vuitton have founded some of the most famous and popular fashion brands.

In the 16th century, fashion clothing in France dealt with contrast fabrics, clashes, trims and other accessories. Silhouette, which refers to the line of a dress or the garment's overall shape, was wide and conical for women and square for men in the 1530s. Around the middle of that decade, a tall and narrow line with a V-shaped waist appeared. Focusing on the shoulder point, sleeves and skirts for women were widened. Ruffles got associated with neckband of a shirt and was shaped with clear folds. A ruffle, frill, or furbelow is a strip of fabric, lace or ribbon tightly gathered or pleated on one edge and applied to a garment, bedding, or other textile as a form of trimming.

Outer clothing for women was characterised by a loose or fitted gown over a petticoat. In the 1560s, trumpet sleeves were rejected and the silhouette became narrow and widened with concentration in shoulder and hip.

Between 1660 and 1700, the older silhouette was replaced by a long, lean line with a low waist for both men and women. A low-body, tightly-laced dress was plaited behind, with the petticoat looped upon a pannier (part of a skirt looped up round the hips) covered with a shirt. The dress was accompanied by black leather shoes. Winter dress for women was trimmed with fur. Overskirt was drawn back in later half of the decades, and pinned up with the heavily-decorated petticoat. But around 1650, full, loose sleeves became longer and tighter. The dress tightly hugged the body with a low and broad neckline and adjusted shoulder.

Men's clothing did not change much in the first half of the 17th century. In 1725, the skirts of the coat acted as a pannier. This was brought about by making five or six folds distended by paper or horsehair and by the black ribbon worn around the neck to give the effect of the frill. A hat carried under the arm and a wig added to the charm. At court ceremonies, women wore a large coat embroidered with gold that was open in the front and buttoned up with a belt or a waist band. The light coat was figure-hugging with tighter sleeves. It was projected in the back with a double row of silk or metal buttons in various shapes and sizes.

French fashion varied between 1750 and 1775. Elaborate court dresses with enchanting colours and decoration defined style. In the 1750s, the size of hoop skirts got smaller and was worn with formal dresses with side-hoops. Use of waistcoats and breeches continued. A low-neck gown was worn over a petticoat during this period. Sleeves were cut with frills or ruffles with fine linen attached to the smock sleeves. The neckline was fitted with trimmed fabric or lace ruffle and a neckerchief (scarf).

Fashion between 1795 and 1820 in European countries transformed into informal styles involving brocades and lace. It was distinctly different from earlier styles as well as from the ones seen in the latter half of the 19th century. Women's clothes were tight against the torso from the waist upwards and heavily full-skirted. The short-waist dresses adorned with soft, loose skirts were fabricated with white, transparent muslin. Evening gowns were trimmed and decorated with lace, ribbons and netting. Those were cut low with short sleeves.

In the 1800s, women's dressing was characterised by short hair with white hats, trim, feathers, lace, shawls and hooded-overcoats while men preferred linen shirts with high collars, tall hats and short and wigless hair.

In the 1810s, dress for women was designed with soft, subtle, sheer classical drapes with raised back waist and short-fitted single-breasted jackets. Their hair was parted in the centre and they wore tight ringlets in the ears. Men's dress was fabricated with single-breasted tailcoats, cravats (the forerunner of the necktie and bow tie) wrapped up to the chin with natural hair, tight breeches and silk stockings. Accessories included gold watches, canes and hats.

In the 1820s, women's dress came with waist lines that almost dropped with elaborate hem and neckline decoration, cone-shaped skirts and sleeves. Men's overcoats were designed with fur of velvet collars.

Fashion designers still get inspired by 18th century creations. The impact of the 'clothing revolution' changed the dynamics of history of clothing. Paris is a global fashion hub and despite competition from Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain and Germany, French citizens continue to maintain their indisputable image of modish, fashion-loving people.

About the author

Abarrna Devi R is a final year B. Tech student in the department of fashion technology in Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Coimbatore, and Tamil Nadu.

References

1. Dauncey, Hugh, ed., French Popular Culture: An Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press (Arnold Publishers), 2003.

2. DeJean, Joan, the Essence of Style: How the French Invented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafes, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour, New York: Free Press, 2005, ISBN978-0-7432-6413-6

3. Kelly, Michael, French Culture and Society: The Essentials, New York: Oxford University Press (Arnold Publishers), 2001, (a reference guide)

4. Nadeau, Jean-Benot and Julie Barlow, Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France but Not the French, Sourcebooks Trade, 2003, ISBN1-4022-0045-5

5. Bourhis, Katell le: The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789-1815, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989. ISBN0870995707