漢德百科全書 | 汉德百科全书
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Ginikoeffizient
Energy resource
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Verstärkte Anstrengungen zur Entwicklung neuer Energiequellen und zur Verringerung der Abhängigkeit von ausländischen Energiequellen/Increase efforts to develop new energy sources and reduce dependence on foreign energy sources
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Hand in Hand
Wertkette/Value Chain
价值链（Value chain），又名价值链分析、价值链模型等。由迈克尔·波特在1985年，于《竞争优势》一书中提出的。波特指出企业要发展独特的竞争优势，要为其商品及服务创造更高附加价值，商业策略是结构企业的经营模式（流程），成为一系列的增值过程，而此一连串的增值流程，就是“价值链”。
一般企业的价值链主要分为：[1]
- 主要活动（Primary Activities），包括企业的核心生产与销售程序：
- 支援活动（Support Activities），包括支援核心营运活动的其他活动，又称共同运作环节：
Die Wertkette (oder Wertschöpfungskette; englisch Value Chain) stellt in der Produktionswirtschaft die Fertigungsstufen als eine geordnete Reihung von Tätigkeiten dar. Diese Tätigkeiten schaffen Werte, verbrauchen Ressourcen und sind in Prozessen miteinander verbunden.
Das Konzept der Wertkette wurde erstmals 1985 von Michael E. Porter in seinem Buch Competitive Advantage veröffentlicht: „Jedes Unternehmen ist eine Ansammlung von Tätigkeiten, durch die sein Produkt entworfen, hergestellt, vertrieben, ausgeliefert und unterstützt wird. All diese Tätigkeiten lassen sich in einer Wertkette darstellen.“[2]
Mit 'Wertkette' wird häufig nur die Darstellung (z. B. als Wertschöpfungskettendiagramm) bezeichnet. Im erweiterten und eigentlichen Sinn bilden aber die tatsächlich bzw. potenziell stattfindenden Prozesse die Wertkette, die z. B. auch Leistungskette genannt wird. Nach Dietmar Harting bezeichnet „Wertkette“ „die Stufen des Transformationsprozesses, die ein Produkt oder eine Dienstleistung durchläuft, vom Ausgangsmaterial bis zur endlichen Verwendung“.
Building society
Source: Building Societies Association updated for subsequent mergers
| Name | Group assets [11] | Other building society trading names | Number of branches & agencies | No. of full time staff | No. of part time staff | Provides current account | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nationwide Building Society | £208,939m | 650 branches | c.14,400 | c.4000 | Yes | |
| 2 | Yorkshire Building Society | £39,600m | Uses the former Norwich & Peterborough and Chelsea building societies as trading names. | 230 branches & 96 agencies | 3599 | 96 | No |
| 3 | Coventry Building Society[* 1] | £38,300m | 70 branches & 19 agencies | 1592 | 642 | No (Basic bank account with cash card available instead) | |
| 4 | Skipton Building Society[12][13] | £19,000m | 95 branches & 3 agencies (87 by 30/09/17) | 1398 | 374 | No | |
| 5 | Leeds Building Society | £15,900m | Formerly Leeds and Holbeck Building Society. Adopted current name after the un-connected Leeds Permanent Building Society merged with the Halifax Building Society in 1995 | 57 branches | 1027 | 214 | No |
| 6 | Principality Building Society | £8,202m | 53 branches & 18 agencies | 887 | 232 | No | |
| 7 | West Bromwich Building Society | £5,737m | 37 branches | 615 | 138 | No | |
| 8 | Newcastle Building Society | £3,622m | 27 branches (25 by Dec 17) & 1 agency | 672 | 279 | No | |
| 9 | Nottingham Building Society | £3,600m | 56 branches | 477 | 201 | No | |
| 10 | Cumberland Building Society | £2,130m | 34 branches | 311 | 191 | Yes (If customer resides within their branch operating area) | |
| 11 | Progressive Building Society[* 1] | £1,794m | 12 branches & 39 agencies | 120 | 58 | No | |
| 12 | National Counties Building Society | £1,569m | Uses the Family Building Society as a trading name. | 1 branch | 130 | 13 | No |
| 13 | Cambridge Building Society | £1,194m | 13 branches | 143 | 49 | No | |
| 14 | Saffron Building Society | £1,115m | 11 branches & 7 agencies | 146 | 35 | No | |
| 15 | Monmouthshire Building Society | £1,073m | 11 branches & 18 agencies | 85 | 60 | No | |
| 16 | Leek United Building Society | £891m | 12 branches & 2 agencies | 120 | 44 | No | |
| 17 | Furness Building Society | £883m | 9 branches & 14 agencies | 96 | 81 | No | |
| 18 | Newbury Building Society | £869m | 11 branches | 107 | 40 | No | |
| 19 | Hinckley & Rugby Building Society | £636m | 8 branches & 4 agencies | 87 | 29 | No | |
| 20 | Ipswich Building Society[* 1] | £584m | 9 branches & 4 agencies | 71 | 52 | No | |
| 21 | Darlington Building Society | £532m | 10 branches | 86 | 27 | No | |
| 22 | Market Harborough Building Society | £427m | 6 branches & 1 agency | 68 | 50 | No | |
| 23 | Melton Mowbray Building Society[* 1] | £419m | 3 branches | 58 | 30 | No | |
| 24 | Marsden Building Society | £416m | 8 branches | 63 | 16 | No | |
| 25 | Scottish Building Society | £389m | 6 branches & 62 agencies | 52 | 19 | No | |
| 26 | Manchester Building Society | £382m | 1 branch & 4 agencies | 43 | 7 | No | |
| 27 | Hanley Economic Building Society | £378m | 6 branches & 1 agency | 51 | 22 | No | |
| 28 | Tipton & Coseley Building Society[* 1] | £372m | 4 branches | 53 | 30 | No | |
| 29 | Dudley Building Society | £354m | 6 branches | 52 | 39 | No | |
| 30 | Mansfield Building Society[* 1] | £329m | 4 branches | 53 | 20 | No | |
| 31 | Harpenden Building Society[* 1] | £317m | 6 branches | 41 | 23 | No | |
| 32 | Loughborough Building Society[* 1] | £303m | 3 branches & 2 agencies | 42 | 13 | No | |
| 33 | Vernon Building Society | £300m | 6 branches | 43 | 25 | No | |
| 34 | Bath Building Society | £299m | 2 branches & 6 agencies | 53 | 14 | No | |
| 35 | Stafford Railway Building Society[* 1] | £271m | 1 branch | 12 | 19 | No | |
| 36 | Swansea Building Society | £268m | 3 branches | 22 | 14 | No | |
| 37 | Teachers Building Society | £253m | 1 branch | 29 | 10 | No | |
| 38 | Buckinghamshire Building Society[* 1] | £225m | 1 branch | 25 | 14 | No | |
| 39 | Chorley & District Building Society[* 1] | £220m | 3 branches | 36 | 14 | No | |
| 40 | Beverley Building Society[* 1] | £191m | 1 branch | 15 | 7 | No | |
| 41 | Holmesdale Building Society[* 1] | £190m | 1 branch | 21 | 3 | No | |
| 42 | Ecology Building Society[* 1] | £146m | 1 branch | 23 | 2 | No | |
| 43 | Earl Shilton Building Society[* 1] | £124m | 2 branches | 17 | 10 | No | |
| 44 | Penrith Building Society[* 1] | £106m | 1 branch | 14 | 7 | No |
Financial
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Nutzung des Gold-Card-Systems zur Anziehung von globalem Kapital und Talenten/Drawing on the Gold Card system for attracting global capital and talent
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Economy and trade
Energieeinsparung/Energy conservation
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Importzoll/Einfuhrzölle/Import duty/Protective tariff
进口税，又称进口税，指对货物、资本和服务征收的关税。进口税是进口关税之一；除关税（狭义）外，还包括所有其他关税和税收，特别是增值税和消费税。这些关税由国内消费者和公司在货物越过各自关境时支付。
Unter Importzoll, auch Einfuhrzoll genannt, versteht man Abgaben, die auf Waren, Kapital und Dienstleistungen erhoben werden. Der Importzoll gehört zu den Einfuhrabgaben; diese umfassen neben Zöllen (im engeren Sinne) auch alle weiteren Abgaben und Steuern, insbesondere auch Umsatzsteuer und Verbrauchssteuern. Zu zahlen sind diese Abgaben von inländischen Konsumenten und Unternehmen, sobald die Waren die Grenzen des jeweiligen Zollgebietes überqueren.
进口税，又称进口税，指对货物、资本和服务征收的关税。进口税是进口关税之一；除关税（狭义）外，还包括所有其他关税和税收，特别是增值税和消费税。这些关税由国内消费者和公司在货物越过各自关境时支付。
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Finanzmarktaufsicht/Financial regulation
Finanzmarktaufsicht (oder Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht) bezeichnet die Staatsaufsicht über Marktteilnehmer, Marktstrukturen und Marktverhalten auf dem Finanzmarkt.
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Finanzkrise/Financial crisis
Finanzkrisen sind eine spezielle Form der Wirtschaftskrise und als krisenhafte Verwerfungen im Finanzsystem erkennbar, die durch plötzlich sinkende Vermögenswerte (z. B. durch Aktienkurse oder andere Börsenkurse – siehe Börsenkrach) und die Zahlungsunfähigkeit zahlreicher Unternehmen der Finanzwirtschaft und anderer Wirtschaftszweige gekennzeichnet sind und die die ökonomische Aktivität in einem oder mehreren Staaten beeinträchtigen.
Finanzkrisen sind eine spezielle Form der Wirtschaftskrise und als krisenhafte Verwerfungen im Finanzsystem erkennbar, die durch plötzlich sinkende Vermögenswerte (z. B. durch Aktienkurse oder andere Börsenkurse – siehe Börsenkrach) und die Zahlungsunfähigkeit zahlreicher Unternehmen der Finanzwirtschaft und anderer Wirtschaftszweige gekennzeichnet sind und die die ökonomische Aktivität in einem oder mehreren Staaten beeinträchtigen.
金融危机，又称金融风暴。是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标（如：短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地价格、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数）的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。 常常随之而来的信用紧缩，是一种货币需求快速增长大于货币供给的状况。在几十年前金融危机基本上等同于挤兑，现在则多以货币危机形式出现。股市暴跌有时也是一种金融危机。很多学者提出很多理论来论证金融危机产生的原因，但至目前还没有取得共识。
其特征是人们基于经济未来将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币币值出现幅度较大的贬值，经济总量与经济规模出现较大的损失，经济增长受到打击。往往伴随着企业大量倒闭，失业率提高，社会普遍的经济萧条，国家破产， 甚至有些时候伴随着社会动荡或国家政治层面的动荡。
金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机等类型。近年来的金融危机越来越呈现出某种混合形式的危机。
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Hongkong Tebiexingzhengqu-HK
Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society
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Import
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Embargo
禁运在商业和政治中，是指与一个国家停止贸易和商业往来，令该国家被孤立。禁运通常是某一国或某一国际组织对另一国的惩罚，原因包括两方在某些政策上的不同意见，或是违反国际法、协定等。Embargo (von spanisch embargo ‚Beschlagnahme‘, ‚Pfändung‘) ist im Außenhandel und in der Außenhandelspolitik das behördliche Verbot des Exports und/oder Imports von Gütern und Dienstleistungen in einen bzw. aus einem bestimmten Staat. Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual.
