德国历史古城波恩(Bonn)，位于莱茵河中游两岸，北距科隆市21公里，扼莱茵河上游山地和下游平原的咽喉，地理位置重要，历史上为战略要地。 　　波恩是一座拥有2000多年历史的文化古城。公元1世纪初，罗马军团曾在这里设立兵营，因此，“波恩”意为“兵营”。13世纪至18世纪，作为科隆选 帝侯国（即有权选举帝王的侯国）的首府长达500年之久。曾经一度被法国占领，于1815年并入普鲁士。1949年9月成为德意志联邦共和国首都。 1990年10月德国实现统一后，于1991年6月20日德国联邦议院做出决定，在4至10年内将议会和政府由波恩逐步迁往柏林。 　　在漫长的历史岁月里，波恩这座城市几经风霜，市内的一些古老建筑，曾经多次毁于战火，每次都被重新修建。波恩市政厅是一座巴罗克式建筑，建于700年 以前，墙上浮雕金光闪耀，楼面古朴大方，曾经两次遭到战争严重破坏，每次战后都及时进行修复。波恩是欧洲一座著名的文化城市，建于1786年的波恩大学， 是欧洲最古老的高等学府之一，校舍主楼是普鲁士时期的宫殿式建筑，师资力量雄厚，教学设备齐全，马克思和著名诗人海涅都曾在这里学习过。座落在市中心的大 教堂，建于1050年左右，顶端为96米高的方形塔，被视为波恩的象征。座落在哥德斯山顶的哥德斯堡，是欧洲著名的古建筑。波恩城市建设中的一个突出特点 是，许多古老建筑在重新修缮后被辟为博物馆和文化机构，从而得到充分利用。音乐家贝多芬于1770年诞生于波恩市中心的一幢房子里，并在这幢房子里生活了 22年，1889年将他的故居辟为博物馆，馆内陈列着贝多芬当年的手稿、文献及乐器等。著名的亚历山大·科林博物馆里收藏的于1856年在杜塞尔多夫的尼 安德特河附近的洞穴里发现的尼安德特人头盖骨，被鉴定为是生存于一二十万年以前、介于猿人和新人之间的古人，成为人类进化史上的一个重要里程碑，具有极高 的考古价值。 　　进入波恩市，首先给人的印象是：城市异常清新、宁静，没有那些大城市常有的嘈杂和车多人拥的现象。漫步市区，到处都可以见到郁郁葱葱的树木、绚丽缤纷 的花草。波恩市人口30多万，全市拥有大小公园、街心公园达1200多个，占地面积490多万平方米。市区周围是大片森林，覆盖面积达4000多万平方 米，从飞机上俯视，全城被一片绿色的海洋所包围。这些园地、森林占全市总面积的1/3以上，平均每个市民占有公园绿地17平方米，森林140平方米。波恩 是欧洲绿化最好的城市之一，冬季芳草不衰，春季姹紫嫣红，被誉为“绿色的城市”。 　　波恩市最大的莱茵滨草公园，位于莱茵河畔、阿登纳大桥旁，占地面积160万平方米，几乎相当于波恩老城繁华闹市区的面积。公园中心是一个人造湖泊，碧 绿的湖水映着蔚蓝的天空，湖岸四周是大片草坪。绿色草坪上，井然有序地点缀着色彩艳丽的郁金香花圃和高高耸立的飞檐亭阁，沥青路面小道纵横交错。公园内有 一个小花园，木头房屋，石头尖塔，雕刻木门，简易竹篱，样样精巧别致，加上清清的泉水从乱石中顺势流下，水声潺潺，呈现一派东方园林情调。 　　波恩市区延伸在莱茵河谷地段，莱茵河东西两侧绵延起伏的丘陵地区被大面积森林所覆盖，同住宅区相连的地方也是遍植树木和草坪，整个市区的空气显得特别 清新。为了给市民提供更多的幽静环境，林区铺设有曲径小路，人们可以在这里悠闲地散步和休息。莱茵河西岸有一条长达20多公里的林荫小道，这一带是波恩最 长的步行区。步行区依山临水，风光秀丽，每逢节假日，游人穿流不息。人们除了步行休息外，还可以随时从附近的渡口处登上游艇，饱览莱茵河两岸秀丽的景色。 　　在波恩居民住宅区，家家房前屋后都种树木花草，阳台和窗户上摆满了一盆盆的鲜花。最引人注目的还是那些带有屋顶花园的住宅建筑群，这些建筑物造型美 观、工艺考究，再加上四季不谢的名贵花木，形成一座座空中花园。

Dominio de Pingus is a Spanish winery located in Quintanilla de Onésimo in Valladolid province with vineyards in La Horra area of the Ribera del Duero region. The estate's flagship wine, Pingus, is considered a "cult wine", sold at extremely high prices while remaining very inaccessible,[1][2] and commands an average price of $811 per bottle.[3]

The winery also produces a second wine, Flor de Pingus, and a special cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia". Recently, Dominio de Pingus has founded a joint project with local grape producers to make an old vine tempranillo called "PSI".

Dominio de Pingus was established in 1995 by Danish oenologist Peter Sisseck, also manager of the Pesquera de Duero estate Hacienda Monasterio.[4] On the estate's winemaking philosophies, Sisseck has stated, "The vines in my plots are very old. They have never been fertilised nor treated with pesticides and all grow following the traditional en vaso system. They are perfect."[4]

About the first 1995 vintage of Pingus, Robert Parker declared, "One of the greatest and most exciting wines I have ever tasted".[5] With a very limited first vintage production, only 325 cases were made with prices initially set at US$200 per bottle, it became yet more scarce when in November 1997 the ship transporting a U.S. bound shipment of 75 cases disappeared somewhere off the Azores in the North Atlantic Ocean.[6] The shipwreck resulted in a dramatic reaction in the US market, with prices soon rising to $495 per bottle.[5][6]

At the Ronda WineCreator conference of April 2008, Sisseck was angered by suggestions by Decanter editor Guy Woodward that some winemakers make wines to suit the palates of certain critics. In response he called Woodward's remarks arrogant for implying winemakers do not have their own opinions, adding, "I don't even think it is possible to do this."[7]

In 2007 it was announced that the Spanish government had approved plans to expand highway roads through the vineyards of Dominio de Pingus and other wineries, which was met with strong opposition by Sisseck who called it a "vengeful measure".[8]

Planted with very old vines of Tinto Fino, i.e. Tempranillo, the vineyards are 2.5 hectares (6.2 acres) in Barrosso with vines exceeding 65 years and 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres) in San Cristobal with vines older than 70 years, and the unusually low average yield of 12 hL per hectare. Since 2000, the viticulture has been biodynamic. Of the annual production of Pingus there is typically less than 500 cases, though in poor vintages no Pingus is made.

The production of the second wine Flor de Pingus, also 100% Tempranillo, is made with fruit from rented vineyards in the La Horra zone, with vines older than 35 years. Since the 2005 vintage, the viticulture has been biodynamic. The annual production is on average 4,000 cases.

Additionally there has been the single barrel cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia", made from a vineyard parcel of 100+ year old vines with an average yield of 10 hL per hectare, with biodynamic viticulture since its initial 2003 vintage. The 2005 vintage had a production of 25 cases.

"PSI" is a joint project based on fruit produced by local grape growers from old tempranillo vines. The goal is to help grape producers and save old vines. Project was founded in 2006, first vintage was 2007. Grape growers are encouraged to employ biodynamic or organic vineyard management practices. The wine is made by Peter Sisseck and Pablo Rubio and sold under producer name Bodegas y Viñedos Alnardo. Vinification takes place in large concrete vats and aging in concrete and wooden tanks and oak barrels. Production of PSI 2009 was 9,600 cases, PSI 2010 was 16,600 cases.

Torino (AFI: /toˈrino/[5], ascolta[?·info]; Turin in piemontese [tyˈriŋ], ascolta[?·info] [6]) è un comune italiano di 852 223 abitanti (al 30 settembre 2021)[2], quarto comune italiano per popolazione e capoluogo dell'omonima città metropolitana e della regione Piemonte. Cuore di un'area metropolitana, Torino è il terzo complesso economico-produttivo del Paese e costituisce uno dei maggiori poli universitari, artistici, turistici, scientifici e culturali d'Italia. Nel suo territorio sono inoltre presenti aree ed edifici inclusi in due beni protetti dall'UNESCO: alcuni palazzi e zone facenti parte del circuito di residenze sabaude in Piemonte (patrimonio dell'umanità[7]) e l'area delle colline del Po (riserva della biosfera).

Città dalla storia bimillenaria, fu fondata probabilmente nei pressi della posizione attuale, attorno al III secolo a.C., dai Taurini, quindi trasformata in colonia romana da Augusto col nome di Iulia Augusta Taurinorum nel I secolo a.C.. Dopo il dominio ostrogoto, fu capitale di un importante ducato longobardo, per poi passare, dopo essere divenuta capitale di marca carolingia, sotto la signoria nominale dei Savoia nell'XI secolo. Città dell'omonimo ducato, nel 1563 ne divenne capitale. Dal 1720 fu capitale del Regno di Sardegna (anche se solo de facto fino alla fusione perfetta del 1847, quando lo divenne anche formalmente),[8] Stato che nel XIX secolo avrebbe portato all'unificazione italiana e che fece di Torino la prima capitale del Regno d'Italia (dal 1861 al 1865).

Sede nel 2006 dei XX Giochi olimpici invernali, nel 2022 della 66ª edizione dell'Eurovision Song Contest[9], città natale di alcuni fra i maggiori simboli del Made in Italy nel mondo, come il Vermut, il cioccolato gianduja e il caffè espresso, è il fulcro dell'industria automobilistica italiana, nonché importante centro dell'editoria, del sistema bancario e assicurativo, delle tecnologie dell'informazione, del cinema, dell'enogastronomia, del settore aerospaziale, del disegno industriale, dello sport e della moda.