A suit, lounge suit, or business suit is a set of clothes comprising a suit jacket and trousers of identical textiles worn with a collared dress shirt, necktie, and dress shoes. A skirt suit is similar, but with a matching skirt instead of trousers. It is considered informal wear in Western dress codes. The lounge suit originated in 19th-century Britain as a more casual alternative for sportswear and British country clothing, with roots in early modern Western Europe. After replacing the black frock coat in the early 20th century as regular daywear, a sober one-colored suit became known as a lounge suit.

Suits are offered in different designs and constructions. Cut and cloth, whether two- or three-piece, single- or double-breasted, vary, in addition to various accessories. A two-piece suit has a jacket and trousers; a three-piece suit adds a waistcoat. Hats were almost always worn outdoors (and sometimes indoors) with all men's clothes until the counterculture of the 1960s in Western culture. Informal suits have been traditionally worn with a fedora, a trilby, or a flat cap. Other accessories include handkerchief, suspenders or belt, watch, and jewelry.

Other notable types of suits are for semi-formal occasions—the dinner suit (black tie) and the black lounge suit (stroller)—both which arose as less formal alternatives for the formal wear of the dress coat for white tie, and the morning coat with formal trousers for morning dress, respectively.

Originally, suits were always tailor-made from the client's selected cloth. These are now known as bespoke suits, custom-made to measurements, taste, and style preferences. Since the 1960s, most suits are mass-produced ready-to-wear garments. Currently, suits are offered in roughly four ways:

bespoke, in which the garment is custom-made by a tailor from a pattern created entirely from the customer's measurements, giving the best fit and free choice of fabric;
made to measure, in which a pre-made pattern is modified to fit the customer, and a limited selection of options and fabrics is available;
ready-to-wear, off-the-peg (Commonwealth English), or off-the-rack (American English), which is sold as is, although some tailor alteration tends to be required;
suit separates, where lounge jacket and trousers are sold separately in order to minimize alterations needed, including also odd-colored blazers or sports coats as smart casual options

Duke of Westminster (Herzog von Westminster) ist ein erblicher britischer Adelstitel in der Peerage of the United Kingdom. Der Titel ist nach dem Londoner Stadtteil benannt.

Der hauptsächlich genutzte Landsitz der Familie ist Eaton Hall, in der Nähe von Chester in Cheshire; daneben wird Ely Lodge im nordirischen County Fermanagh genutzt. Die Familie besaß in der Vergangenheit außerdem ein großes Stadthaus in der Londoner Park Lane, das Grosvenor House genannt wurde.

Der Titel wurde am 27. Februar 1874 von Königin Victoria an Hugh Grosvenor, 3. Marquess of Westminster, verliehen. Er führte bereits seit 1869 die fortan nachgeordneten Titel 3. Marquess of Westminster, 4. Earl Grosvenor, 4. Viscount Belgrave, 4. Baron Grosvenor und 11. Baronet, of Eaton.

Der Titel Marquess of Westminster war am 13. September 1831 in der Peerage of the United Kingdom seinem Großvater Robert Grosvenor, 2. Earl Grosvenor, bei der Krönung von Wilhelm IV. verliehen worden. Dessen Vater Sir Richard Grosvenor, 7. Baronet, war von Georg III. in der Peerage of Great Britain am 8. April 1761 zum Baron Grosvenor, of Eaton in the County of Chester, und am 5. Juli 1784 zum Earl Grosvenor und Viscount Belgrave, of Belgrave in the County of Chester, erhoben worden. Dessen Ur-ur-urgroßvater, der Unterhausabgeordnete Sir Richard Grosvenor, war am 23. Februar 1622 in der Baronetage of England der Titel Baronet, of Eaton in the County of Chester, verliehen worden.

Der Heir Apparent des jeweiligen Herzogs führt den Höflichkeitstitel Earl Grosvenor, dessen Heir Apparent den Höflichkeitstitel Viscount Belgrave.

Der heutige Duke of Westminster zählt mit einem geschätzten Vermögen von ca. 9,9 Mrd. £ zu den reichsten Männern Großbritanniens. Im Forbes Magazine von 2009 wurde er in der Liste der reichsten Personen der Welt auf Platz 29 geführt. Er verfügt u. a. über Grundbesitz von ca. 1,2 km2 Größe in den Londoner Nobelstadtteilen Mayfair, Belgravia und Pimlico, davon allein 770.000 m2 im an den Buckingham Palast angrenzenden Belgravia, sowie über den Landsitz Eaton Hall in Cheshire.

In 1999, Lord Portman became the 10th Viscount and began work on rejuvenating the Estate.

Over the last 20 years, the development of the Estate has gone from strength to strength. We actively manage the property assets, both directly as a landlord to an ever-increasing number of residential and commercial customers, and through our relationships with long-term leaseholders.

We aim to be at the forefront of

property management and placemaking in Central London. This is an example of how an estate can combine a modern, agile and forward-thinking approach to its activities, while remaining loyal to its history, heritage and values.

The Portman Estate dates back to the 16th century, when Sir William Portman, Lord Chief Justice to King Henry VIII,^[5] and originally from Orchard Portman in Somerset, leased 270 acres of the Manor of Lileston (Lisson). He acquired the freehold in 1554, but most of the land remained farmland and meadow until the mid-18th century and the building boom after the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763.

In the 1750s William Baker had leased land from the family to lay out Orchard and Portman Streets, and the north side of Oxford Street. Henry William Portman, a descendant of Sir William, continued the development in 1764 with the creation of Portman Square, with buildings by James Wyatt, Robert Adam and James 'Athenian' Stuart, including Montagu House, built in the north-west corner for the famed literary hostess Elizabeth Montagu and later used by the Portman family as their London town house.

Portman Square was the focus of the new estate and was followed by the building of Manchester Square during the 1770s and Bryanston and Montagu Squares 30 years later. These were laid out by the Estate's architect, James Thompson Parkinson. The area remained largely residential, attracting the prosperous middle class who wanted to live near the centre of London. There were also mews for tradesmen and servants. At the southwest corner of the Estate, where Marble Arch now stands, was the Tyburn gallows, London's principal place of public execution until 1783.

Development of the area north of the Marylebone Road around Dorset Square continued after 1815, and to the North West in Lisson Green, workers’ cottages were built from 1820 to 1840. Many of the original Georgian houses north of Portman Square were redeveloped as mansion blocks, which were let on long leases. This development spread along the major traffic routes of Edgware Road and Baker Street.

In 1948 the Estate, then valued at £10 million, was subject to death duties of £7.6 million on the death of the seventh Viscount Portman, resulting in the sale of all the family's West Country estates as well as the northern part of the London Estate in 1951, and the area around Crawford Street the following year. In the later 1950s and 1960s the Estate collaborated with the developer Max Rayne to redevelop the frontage of Oxford Street and Baker Street, as well as the south and west sides of Portman Square.

作为世界上最发达的经济体，美国拥有全球最先进的医疗技术，最前沿的诊疗方案，最优质的医学人才等。

同时，美国的医疗绩效长期受人诟病，看病贵也成为了全美人民的切肤之痛。如果没有医疗保险的保障，一场大病可能就会让自己“怀疑人生”！

虽然美国在医疗卫生领域的投入位居世界前列，但人均医疗支出也牢牢占据着全球第一高，因为偿还不起医疗贷款而导致的破产超过了60%！

根据美国联邦医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心（CMS）的一项预估报告指出，2017至2026年，美国医疗卫生总支出将以每年平均5.5%的速度增长；到2026年，医疗卫生支出总费用将达到国内生产总值（GDP）的19.7%。

目前，美国医疗卫生总支出已突破3.6万亿美元，接近美国经济总量的18%，人均医疗费用支出增至1.1万美元，几乎是英国、瑞士等11个高收入国家的两倍。

可以看到，在美国生活，医疗服务支出是一笔不小的开支。

倘若没有健康保险保驾护航，在美国就医诊疗，比如门诊、检查和医药等费用都需要自己支付，或将会面临大额，甚至巨额账单的情况。

比如，看一次普通的门诊平均花费大概需要200美元；医院急诊室（ER）的平均收费则在2,400美元至2,600美元之间；一场重病或重大事故的医疗费用可以轻易地达到上万，甚至数十万美元。

对于赴美人士而言，美国医疗保险都是一件“必需品”！

无论是初次登陆美国的新移民，还是旅居美国生活的华人，亦或是在美国享受退休生活的长者，都需要了解和掌握相关美国健保的基础知识，以及根据自身及家庭的情况、需求，进行综合规划。

接下来，我们就从美国医疗体系、健康保险分类等方面出发，花费大概五分钟时间让大家快速了解Medicare（联邦医疗保险，即“红蓝卡”）、Medicaid（医疗补助计划，即“白卡”）和Medi-Cal （加州的医疗补助，即：加州白卡）到底是什么？

美国医疗保障体系由商业保险（Private Insurance）和社会保险组成。

其中，商业保险主要由商业保险公司运营和承担风险，社会保险主要由联邦医疗补助服务中心（CMS，Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services）管理和运营，包含联邦医疗保险（Medicare）和医疗补助（Medicaid）等计划。具体介绍如下：

01联邦医疗保险：Medicare

联邦医疗保险Medicare，俗称“红蓝卡”。

由联邦医保医补中心CMS管理和运营，主要为年满65岁以上的老人，以及65以下有特殊身体状况（特定疾病或残疾）的美国居民提供的一项国家医疗保险计划。

一般而言，该计划能够帮助美国的退休老人或符合资格的残疾人士承担大部分医疗费用，因为该卡为红蓝色而被俗称为“红蓝卡”。

Medicare申请者，需要满足以下条件之一：

1

65岁或以上美国公民或绿卡持有者（注：新移民必须要先在美国连续居住满5年才有资格申请）；

2

部分未满65岁但领取残疾福利超过24个月的人士；

3

患有终末期肾脏疾病的人士（简称ESRD，永久性肾衰竭，需要透析或移植）。

需要注意的是，无论是否在美国工作积满40个基点，符合以上申领要求其中一条便可以在美国申请红蓝卡；但如果未积满40个工作基点，可能会影响最终支付保费的价格。

02医疗补助计划：Medicaid

医疗补助计划Medicaid，俗称“白卡”。

该计划是美国联邦政府和州政府共同拨款的联合医疗补助计划，主要目的是为低收入人群提供免费或低成本的医疗保险，包括：孕妇、儿童、老年人、残疾人都可能符合申请资格。

不过，部分州放宽了资格限制，不论身份只要在收入标准以下就能申请。

该计划由各州医疗卫生主管部门管理和运营，所以每个州都可以自行制定具体的医疗补助标准，有些州还会有其他的名称，比如：白卡在加州叫Medi-Cal。

白卡的申请资格主要看两个指标，① 收入，② 财产；但各州审核的标准也略有差异；目前，有些州还放宽了标准，只审核收入指标。

通常，收入不超过138%联邦贫困线（Federal Poverty Level，简称FPL）就符合白卡收入标准的申请资格，18岁或以下儿童、孕妇的白卡申请标准会更加宽松。

以加州为例，Medi-Cal申请者的收入限制如下：

1

针对成人而言，如果收入在联邦贫困线（FPL）的138%以下，即符合Medi-Cal的申请资格；

2

针对儿童而言，如果收入在联邦贫困线（FPL）的266%以下，则符合Medi-Cal的申请资格；

3

针对孕妇而言，如果收入在联邦贫困线（FPL）的213%以下，则符合Medi-Cal的申请资格。

资格要求：

① 65岁或以上的老人；② 残疾人士；③ 盲人；④  未满21岁者；⑤ 孕妇；⑥ 需要长期照护的成人或孩童；⑦ 在护理院的被照料者；⑧  限期内具有难民身份的人；⑨ 被诊断患有乳腺癌或子宫颈癌的患者。

一般而言，白卡申请并无特定时间限制，一年中任何时间都可以申请。大多数白卡的福利在批准后马上生效，部分紧急白卡甚至可以追溯申请之前一段时期内的医疗费用报销，具体因各州而定。

值得一提的是，申请白卡要有美国公民或永久居民（绿卡）身份，新移民申请白卡可能需要先在美国居留满5年，但现在很多地方都放宽了限制。

比如，加州医疗保健服务部宣布，自2024年1月1日开始，加州新法律的第二阶段将取消所有Non-MAGI白卡计划的资产限制，只看收入不看资产，并将26岁至49岁的无证移民和低收入人群纳入其中。（旧规定是，资产限制包含车房、股票现金等其他形式的资产总和，个人资产上限为13万美元，夫妻两人则是19.5万美元）

这意味着，政府将不再检查资产，只看收入是否符合规定的标准，获得白卡的门槛大幅降低

03总结：

★ Medicare

在美国，联邦政府为65岁以上长者和部分残疾人士及重病患者提供专门的医疗保险，即：联邦医疗保险Medicare，俗称红蓝卡。

该计划由联邦医保医补中心CMS管理和运营。通常，报销比例根据已购买的保险方案而决定的。

与此同时，红蓝卡需要投保开放期（Open Enrollment）完成注册投保、计划转换等操作，才能在下一年享受健保福利。

根据《美国卫生保健法》的规定：个人家庭医疗保险，每年只有在短暂的开放投保期才可以申请；即便用的不满意，也要等到下一年的开放投保期才能更换计划。

比如，2024年的红蓝卡（Medicare）健康保险年度投保期为2023年10月15日至2023年12月7日，新的保险将于2024年1月1日生效。

另外，如果申请人的年龄接近65岁，在65岁生日前后七个月，包括生日月份的前三个月、生日当月及生日后的三个月，都可以去居住地的社安局申请红蓝卡的Part A部分（医院保险）和Part B部分（医疗保险）。

★ Medicaid和Medi-Cal

医疗补助计划Medicaid、加州的医疗补助计划Medi-Cal主要针对美国低收入群体、儿童、孕妇等弱势群体提供的一项医疗补助计划。

由联邦和州政府共同拨款，各州医疗卫生主管部门管理和运营（每个州都可以自行制定具体的医疗补助标准）。

通常，由政府支付保费，白卡受益人可以免费或只需支付低额Co-Payment就能享受到必要的医疗服务。

如果白卡受益人同时拥有其他医疗保险，白卡则会作为次要医疗保险补充，支付其他医疗保险未能报销的部分费用，比如Deductible（自付额）、Co-Payment（共付额）、Co-insurance（共同保险金）等。

与红蓝卡不同，白卡申请并无特定时间限制，一年中任何时间都可以申请。

大多数白卡的福利在批准后马上生效，部分紧急白卡甚至可以追溯申请之前一段时期内的医疗费用报销，具体因各州而定。

与此同时，由于红蓝卡由联邦医疗卫生主管部门管理和运营，而白卡是由各州医疗卫生主管部门管理和运营，因此两者是独立的。如果即拥有红蓝卡又拥有白卡，则可以同时使用。

值得一提的是，红蓝卡和白卡在同时使用时，一些细分项可能会交叉重叠，重叠部分可以用白卡来负担；通常，医疗、药物费用主要由红蓝卡Medicare负担，白卡Medi-Cal则负担差额与任何其他Out-Of-Pocket的费用。就诊时，把两张卡一并带上就可以啦。

在美国看病时，只要出示保险卡，诊所的工作人员便会替您将账单寄送至保险公司，不需要自己办理理赔，非常方便。

由于美国健康保险市场非常成熟，健保计划种类繁多，保险公司之间的保费和福利也各有差异。因此，无论您现在有没有健康保险，在开放投保期间，都可以通过转化和申请新的健保计划来提升保险福利，节省保费。

另外，不管您配置美国健康保险，还是人寿保险，保险公司每年都有可能调整保险计划和核保要求，即使是同一家公司的同一个计划，随着投保人年龄的增长，身体机能的下降，保费都会出现变化。因此，建议在投保之前与专业人士进行咨询和交流，配置满足自己及家庭需要的保单。

A tailcoat is a knee-length coat characterised by a rear section of the skirt, known as the tails, with the front of the skirt cut away.

The tailcoat shares its historical origins in clothes cut for convenient horse riding in the Early Modern era. Ever since the 18th century, however, tailcoats evolved into general forms of day and evening formal wear, in parallel to how the lounge suit succeeded the frock coat (19th century) and the justacorps (18th century).

Thus, in 21st-century Western dress codes for men, mainly two types of tailcoats have survived:

Dress coat, an evening wear with a squarely cut away front, worn for formal white tie
Morning coat (or cutaway in American English), a day wear with a gradually tapered front cut away, worn for formal morning dress
In colloquial language without further specification, "tailcoat" typically designates the former, that is the evening dress coat for white tie.

An ascot tie, ascot or hanker-tie is a neckband with wide pointed wings, traditionally made of pale grey patterned silk.[citation needed] This wide tie is usually patterned, folded over, and fastened with a tie pin or tie clip. It is usually reserved for formal wear with morning dress for daytime weddings and worn with a cutaway morning coat and striped grey formal trousers. This type of dress cravat is made of a thicker, woven type of silk similar to a modern tie and is traditionally either grey or black.[citation needed] A more casual form of ascot is in British English called a cravat, or sometimes as a day cravat to distinguish it from the formal ascot or dress cravat. The casual form is made from a thinner woven silk that is more comfortable when worn against the skin, often with ornate and colourful printed patterns.

The ascot is descended from the earlier type of cravat widespread in the early 19th century, most notably during the age of Beau Brummell, made of heavily starched linen and elaborately tied around the neck. Later in the 1880s, amongst the upper-middle-class in Europe men began to wear a more loosely tied version for formal daytime events with daytime full dress in frock coats or with morning coats. It remains a feature of morning dress for weddings today. The Royal Ascot race meeting at the Ascot Racecourse gave the ascot its name, although such dress cravats were no longer worn with morning dress at the Royal Ascot races by the Edwardian era. The ascot was still commonly worn for business with morning dress in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries.